Matter vs. Material
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
(e.g., Water, sand, pebbles, air, cup)
Any substance used to create or make objects.
A Tumbler can be made of: Glass, Plastic, Metal, or Wood!
Classification
The method of arranging objects into groups based on a common property they share.
Sorting Parameters:
- Shape
- Colour
- Hardness
- Lustre (Shine)
*Grouping helps us study and observe patterns in the properties of things.
Appearance & Hardness
1. Lustre (Shiny vs Dull)
- Lustrous (Shiny): Metals like Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Gold.
- Non-Lustrous: Paper, Wood, Rubber, Chalk.
2. Hardness (Hard vs Soft)
- Hard: Difficult to compress or scratch (e.g., Stone, Metal Key, Brick).
- Soft: Easily compressed or scratched (e.g., Sponge, Eraser).
Transparency
Transparent
Things seen clearly. (e.g., Glass, Water, Air, Cellophane)
Translucent
Things seen, but not clearly. (e.g., Butter paper, Frosted glass)
Opaque
Cannot see through at all. (e.g., Wood, Cardboard, Metals)
Yes! But it can be made opaque (e.g. by mixing mud/paint).
Solubility in Water
Soluble
Disappears completely in water.
Sugar, Salt, Oxygen Gas.
Insoluble
Does not disappear even after stirring.
Sand, Sawdust, Chalk, Oil.
Make Your Own ORS!
Oral Rehydration Solution (helps treat severe dehydration due to diarrhoea):
Mass & Volume Basics
Mass SI Unit: kg
Quantity of matter present in an object.
- Measured in: gram (g), kilogram (kg).
- Space format: Leave a space between number and unit (e.g., 7 kg, not 7kg).
Volume SI Unit: m³
The space occupied by matter.
- Measured in: Litre (L), Millilitre (mL), Cubic Metre (m³).
- Conversion: 1 m³ = 1000 L
Ancient Wisdom & Pottery History
Earliest Pottery (7,000 to 8,000 years old)
Found in the Ganga plains (Lahuradewa) and Baluchistan (Mehrgarh). Baked clay pottery is called terracotta. Used for cooking and storage of food grains, oils, ghee.
Ayurvedic 10 Pairs of Opposites (Guñas)
From Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana - used to describe physical matter: